What is the difference between in-text citations and references?

A reference is to a spefic page (or pages). For example, 'As Stubbs (1983, p. 59) comments ... ) In 'Literature cited' you then include Stubbs 1985 in your list and in effect explain what it is: Stubbs, Michael (1983) Language, Schools and Classrooms, 2nd ed., Methuen, London. (1st ed. published in 1976) Obviously, you will need to conform to the specific conventions in use at your school, college or university.