Which description of trade patterns best represents the relationship between Africa and Europe during the late 19th century?

During the late 19th century, trade patterns between Africa and Europe were characterized by exploitation and colonial dominance. European powers extracted valuable resources such as gold, diamonds, and rubber from African territories, often using forced labor and oppressive practices. In return, Africa received manufactured goods, which reinforced a dependency on European economies. This unequal exchange laid the groundwork for economic and social challenges that persisted long after colonial rule.