What are the problems of managing data in a traditional file environment?

•Data redundancyDifferent systems/programs have separate copies of the same data

•Program-data dependence

All programs maintain metadata for each file they use

•Lack of flexibility

Programmers must design their own file formats

•Poor security, lack of data-sharing and availability

No centralized control of data

•Excessive Program Maintenance

80% of of information systems budget