What countries did not industrialize?

Several countries did not industrialize during the 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily due to a combination of geographic, economic, and political factors. Many regions in Africa, parts of Asia, and some Latin American countries experienced minimal industrial development, often due to colonial exploitation, lack of infrastructure, and political instability. Additionally, countries like Afghanistan and certain island nations also remained largely agrarian, facing challenges in transitioning to industrial economies. These factors contributed to significant disparities in economic development and modernization across the globe.