How did France gain control of North Africa?

France gained control of North Africa primarily through military conquests and colonization in the 19th century. The invasion of Algeria began in 1830, marking the start of French expansion in the region. Over subsequent decades, France extended its influence to Tunisia in 1881 and Morocco in 1912, often justifying its actions with claims of civilizing missions and economic interests. This expansion was met with resistance from local populations, but France established a significant colonial presence that lasted until the mid-20th century.