Are earthworms harmful to soil when they dig holes and bring oxygen to plants roots?

Earthworms are generally beneficial to soil health rather than harmful. Their burrowing activity aerates the soil, improving water infiltration and root access to nutrients and oxygen. Additionally, they help decompose organic matter, enhancing soil fertility. However, in some ecosystems, invasive earthworm species can disrupt local soil communities and alter nutrient cycling, potentially leading to negative effects.