Can you connect a 220 volt stove to a 120 volt circuit?

Yes, this is a safe connection. A range is usually wire rated at 40 amps and the manufactures do not make a 40 amp rated receptacle. The code requires the next highest rated receptacle be used which is a 50 amp rating. This is why the range receptacle is rated at 50 amps. This receptacle is known as a 3 pole 4 wire grounding receptacle, 14-50R 125/250 volt. Black wire to terminal X, red wire to terminal Y, white wire to terminal W and ground wire to terminal G.