Robert K. Merton identified five adaptations to societal strain in his Strain Theory, but three notable ones are conformity, innovation, and retreatism. Conformity involves adhering to societal norms and pursuing culturally approved goals through legitimate means. Innovation occurs when individuals accept societal goals but use unconventional methods to achieve them, often leading to criminal behavior. Retreatism involves rejecting both societal goals and means, resulting in withdrawal from societal expectations, as seen in substance abuse or vagrancy.
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