Could driving up on a center divider in the road cause a broken engine block in a 2000 VW Golf that only has 7900 miles on it?

Possible, especially if your car is lowered... but even if that's the case its not likely, because the oil pain would likely be the part taking most of the beating... to find out for sure you need to tell us more info regarding the car.... also, your suspension/axle/cv joints/frame etc.. could be damaged as well...

Very possibly. It depends on how hard you hit the divider, how tall it was and how low your car is. I would think that if the devider was hit had enough to break the block there would be massive damage to the suspention and frame