Why hasn't Africa's mineral wealth translated into wealth for the most of its citizens?

Africa's mineral wealth often benefits a small elite and foreign companies due to corruption, mismanagement, and lack of transparency in the extractive industries. Inadequate governance, weak institutions, and lack of infrastructure also hinder the equitable distribution of wealth to the majority of citizens. Moreover, external factors such as fluctuating global commodity prices and unequal trade relationships further perpetuate the wealth disparity.