Formal powers of congress are limited by the?

Formal powers of Congress are limited by the checks and balances established in the U.S. Constitution, which allocate specific powers to the executive and judicial branches. Additionally, the Constitution outlines the scope of congressional authority, such as taxation, regulation of commerce, and declaring war, while reserving other powers for the states. The political dynamics, such as party control and public opinion, also influence how Congress exercises its powers. This system ensures that no single branch becomes too powerful and fosters cooperation among branches.