How does herpes spread in pigeons?

Herpes in pigeons, specifically pigeon herpesvirus (PHV), primarily spreads through direct contact between infected and healthy birds. It can also be transmitted via contaminated environments, such as feeders, water sources, or nesting areas. Infected birds may shed the virus in their saliva, feces, or respiratory secretions, facilitating further spread among the flock. Additionally, stress and poor living conditions can exacerbate the likelihood of transmission.