Contrast some of the factors which led to the unification of France and Spain with those that prevented the unification of Italy and Germany What are the primary characteristics of a modern state?

Germany was fractured into warring Provinces in the Religious Wars of the Protestant Reformation. Protestant and Catholic Provinces were not reunited until Otto Von Bismarck in 1870. He immediately embarked on Wars of Aggrandizement against France 1871, Austria, and against Poland.