Why was the enactment of southern Black Codes in 1865 be considered a turning point in the course of Reconstruction?

The enactment of Southern Black Codes in 1865 marked a significant turning point in Reconstruction because they aimed to restrict the newly granted freedoms of African Americans and maintain white supremacy. These laws effectively sought to re-establish a system of racial control and economic exploitation similar to slavery, undermining the federal government's efforts to integrate Black citizens into society. The Black Codes galvanized opposition from abolitionists and Republicans, leading to a push for more comprehensive civil rights protections and ultimately contributing to the radical phase of Reconstruction. This shift intensified the conflict between the federal government and Southern states, reshaping the trajectory of Reconstruction policies.