What are the primary pollinators of conifers?

The primary pollinators of conifers are primarily wind and insects, particularly certain species of beetles. Wind plays a significant role in the transfer of pollen from the male cones to the female cones, allowing for fertilization. Additionally, some insects, such as bees and wasps, may also aid in this process by visiting the cones, although their role is less significant compared to wind pollination. Overall, conifers have adapted to rely heavily on wind for effective pollination.