How do insects reduce the yield of maize?

Insects reduce the yield of maize primarily through direct feeding damage and by transmitting plant pathogens. Herbivorous insects, such as corn earworms and rootworms, consume leaves, stems, and kernels, which weakens the plant and reduces its ability to photosynthesize and produce grain. Additionally, some insects, like aphids, can spread diseases such as maize lethal necrosis virus, further compromising plant health and yield. Overall, these factors lead to significant economic losses in maize production.