What modes of international expansion are available and what is the normal sequence of their use?

International expansion can typically occur through several modes: exporting, licensing, Franchising, joint ventures, and wholly-owned subsidiaries. The normal sequence often begins with exporting, as it requires less investment and risk. Companies may then move to licensing or franchising to leverage local expertise, followed by joint ventures for shared resources and market knowledge. Finally, firms may establish wholly-owned subsidiaries for greater control and commitment in the market.