How did the European responsive states react to social unrest in the 1800's?

In the 1800s, European responsive states reacted to social unrest through a combination of repression and reform. Governments often deployed military force to quell riots and protests, particularly during periods of revolution, such as the 1848 revolutions. However, in response to growing demands for political representation and social reforms, some states initiated changes like expanding suffrage, improving labor conditions, and implementing social welfare programs to address the root causes of unrest. This dual approach aimed to maintain order while also adapting to the evolving social and political landscape.