Four factors that can denature proteins include changes in temperature, pH levels, salt concentration, and exposure to chemicals such as detergents or alcohol. High temperatures can disrupt the hydrogen bonds and interactions that maintain a protein's structure, while extreme pH levels can alter the charge and solubility of amino acids. Changes in salt concentration can affect ionic bonds, and certain chemicals can disrupt hydrophobic interactions. These alterations can lead to a loss of the protein's biological function.
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