Can some one get in trouble for cashing a check with his her name on it after the payer paid cash for the job?

If I understand your question you were paid cash for a job and also cashed a check for the same work. If this is the case you owe the person their money back for the check or the cash. If you don't give them one or the other then it could be consider fraud and the person could sue you for the "extra" payment. You can not benefit from the job twice.

Answer

If you were experienced, you would not have cashed the check; rather you would have returned it, undeposited. So, at this point, you'll need to return cash or a money order (not a personal check) to your customer. The sooner the better, given that you might want their referrals and continued business.