What is the relationship between alcohol use during pregnancy and health of the fetus?

Alcohol use during pregnancy can have severe adverse effects on the health of the fetus, leading to a range of conditions known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). These include physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments that can affect the child's development both in utero and throughout their life. Even low levels of alcohol consumption can pose risks, as there is no established safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy. Consequently, it is generally advised that pregnant individuals abstain from alcohol entirely to ensure the best possible outcomes for fetal health.