What did herbert Spencer argue?

Herbert Spencer argued for the application of evolutionary theory to social and cultural development, coining the phrase "survival of the fittest" to describe how societies evolve. He believed that social progress results from the competition and adaptation of individuals and groups, similar to natural selection in Biology. Spencer's views emphasized the importance of individualism and limited government intervention in social affairs, suggesting that societal improvements arise organically rather than through direct intervention. His ideas laid the groundwork for social Darwinism, which has been both influential and controversial.