What is the main element that the two penal systems of the 1800s have in common?

The main element that the two penal systems of the 1800s, particularly in the United States and Europe, have in common is the emphasis on rehabilitation and moral reform. Both systems sought to transform offenders into law-abiding citizens through structured environments, often incorporating labor and education. Additionally, they reflected contemporary societal beliefs about crime, punishment, and the potential for individual redemption.