European transoceanic exploration and expansion during the 15th to 17th centuries were significantly aided by advancements in navigational technology, particularly the development of the astrolabe and the magnetic compass. The astrolabe allowed sailors to determine their latitude by measuring the angle of celestial bodies, while the magnetic compass provided reliable directional guidance. Additionally, improvements in ship design, such as the caravel, enabled longer voyages and greater maneuverability at sea. Together, these innovations facilitated the age of exploration and the establishment of new trade routes.
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