Why antibiotic can cause mild mental retardation?

Antibiotics, particularly those in the class of aminoglycosides, can potentially cause mild mental retardation when used during critical periods of brain development, such as in utero or early childhood. These medications can lead to ototoxicity, affecting auditory and vestibular functions, which may impact cognitive development and learning. Additionally, certain antibiotics can disrupt gut microbiota, influencing neurodevelopment and behavior. However, it's important to note that significant adverse effects are relatively rare and typically associated with misuse or overuse of these medications.