When did the creation of time segments begin?

Time zones became necessary with the invention and installation of railroads around the planet. That was 1815 in the USA. Several decades later, after time confusions became pandemic, the railroads in the USA actually defined the first four time zones:

"On November 18, 1883, America's railroads began using a standard time system involving four time zones, Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific. Within each zone, all clocks were synchronized." [History Newsletter]