When federal expenditures exceed federal tax revenues how does the government fund the deficit?

When federal expenditures exceed tax revenues, the government funds the deficit primarily by borrowing. This is done through issuing government securities, such as Treasury bonds, bills, and notes, which investors, including individuals, institutions, and foreign entities, purchase. Additionally, the government can also resort to printing more money, although this can lead to inflation. Ultimately, the accumulated deficits contribute to the national debt.