What does the old man symbolize in The Old Man and the Sea?

In The Old Man and the Sea, the old man, Santiago, symbolizes resilience, perseverance, and the struggle of human existence. He represents the timeless human condition of battling against overwhelming odds, and his endurance reflects the theme of dignity in the face of defeat. Santiago’s battle with the marlin can be seen as a metaphor for life's struggles, where success is not necessarily measured by material gain but by the inner strength and spirit shown during the pursuit.

He also embodies individualism and isolation, showing how a person can find meaning and self-worth through personal struggle, even when society might view the result as failure.