How does changing the angle of insolation affect the rate of temperature change of a surface?

Changing the angle of insolation—how sunlight strikes a surface—affects the intensity and distribution of solar energy received. When the sun's rays hit a surface at a steeper angle, the energy is concentrated over a smaller area, leading to a more rapid temperature increase. Conversely, when the angle is shallower, the energy is spread over a larger area, resulting in a slower rate of temperature change. Thus, the angle of insolation plays a crucial role in determining how quickly surfaces heat up or cool down.