Various types of clay are used.Earthenware tends to have larger amount of iron oxide. It can't be fired to very high temperatures as the iron oxide would act as a flux and the pottery would sag
Stoneware can be fired to higher temperatures. It is opaque and fairly waterproof when fired.
Porcelain can also be fired to high temperatures, it vitrifies and becomes very hard, even glassy.
There are as many variations between clays as there are bags of clay, but most fall into these categories
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