What are the barriers that affect effective communication?

Barriers to effective communication include physical distractions, such as noise or distance, which can hinder message clarity. Psychological factors, like stress or preconceived notions, may distort understanding and perception. Additionally, language differences and jargon can create misunderstandings, while cultural differences may lead to misinterpretations of gestures and expressions. Finally, emotional barriers, such as defensiveness or lack of trust, can impede open dialogue and honest exchange.