Is the alcohol different in vodka vs wine?

There are several differences.

One primary difference is that whiskey is aged in wooden barrels. Vodka, by tradition, is bottled straight from distillation.

Another difference is that vodka need not come from grain. Vodka can be distilled from potatoes or even molasses, though traditional vodka is not supposed to come from molasses.

A third difference is the goal of each product's distillation. The process by which whiskey is made does not frown upon and in fact encourages unique characteristics brought about by the choices of grain, fermentation, and distillation. That's why there are so many different kinds of whiskey. In contrast, the general idea of vodka is to distill it down to just alcohol and water, with as little as possible in addition to it.