How were graphic design and photography different art forms that came before them?

Graphic design and Photography differ from earlier art forms primarily in their focus and methodology. While traditional art forms like painting and sculpture emphasize manual craftsmanship and subjective expression, graphic design combines visual communication with problem-solving to convey specific messages or ideas. Photography, on the other hand, captures reality through a mechanical process, allowing for a more objective representation of the world. Both art forms leverage technology and mass production, distinguishing them from the more individualized and interpretive nature of earlier artistic practices.