How is VAT calculated in other countries?

Value Added Tax (VAT) is calculated differently across countries, but it generally involves a percentage applied to the sale price of goods and services. The seller adds the VAT to the price, collects it from the buyer, and then remits it to the government. Rates may vary significantly, with some countries having multiple rates for different categories of goods and services. Additionally, certain items may be exempt or zero-rated, affecting the overall calculation.