What means do artists have of creating the illusion of depth?

Artists create the illusion of depth using various techniques, including linear perspective, where parallel lines converge at a vanishing point, and atmospheric perspective, which involves using color and clarity to suggest distance. They also manipulate scale, placing larger objects in the foreground and smaller ones in the background. Additionally, overlapping elements can enhance spatial relationships, while shading and light can create the perception of three-dimensionality. Together, these methods help to construct a convincing sense of depth in two-dimensional artworks.