Was congressional reconstruction successful

Congressional Reconstruction had mixed results. It successfully passed the 14th and 15th Amendments, which granted citizenship and voting rights to African Americans, and established some political gains for Black citizens in the South. However, it ultimately failed to ensure lasting change, as systemic racism persisted, leading to the rise of Jim Crow laws and the disenfranchisement of Black voters. By the end of the 1870s, the withdrawal of federal troops marked a retreat from these gains, indicating its limited long-term effectiveness.