Are fuses and circuit breakers designed in a way to protect people from shocks?

No. Well, not directly anyway. Fuses and circuit breakers are designed to protect electrical equipment, not persons, from damage due to overcurrents (overload currents or fault currents). By disconnecting such equipment, they are rendered safe. But the level of overcurrent that will trip a circuit breaker or cause a fuse to operate is usually significantly higher than the current that will cause electrocution. Anyone relying on a fuse of circuit breaker for personal protection is likely to be dead before that protective device operates!

To protect people, there are special devices called 'residual current devices' (UK terminology) or 'ground-fault interrupters' (North-American terminology) which will quickly disconnect at very low values of currents -below those which will cause electrocution. Such devices or, rather, their features are sometimes incorporated into circuit breakers so that such circuit breakers will protect both equipment andpersons. Often, these devices supply circuits that terminate in outdoor socket outlets (receptacles), so that electrical tools, such as lawn mowers, strimmers, etc., can be used safely.

For more information on how these devices are used, you should consult your country's electrical wiring regulations, as the requirements vary from country to country.