What is overflow and underflow of data?

Overflow occurs when a calculation produces a result that exceeds the maximum limit that can be stored in a given data type, leading to incorrect values or wrapping around to the minimum limit. Conversely, underflow happens when a calculation results in a value that is smaller than the minimum limit representable by the data type, often resulting in a loss of precision or a value being set to zero. Both situations can lead to significant errors in computations and data processing. Proper handling and validation of data types are essential to prevent these issues.