How can pathogens in food can be detected?

Pathogens in food can be detected using various methods, including microbiological testing, where samples are cultured to identify harmful bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques can rapidly detect specific genetic material from pathogens. Immunological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), can also be used to identify pathogens based on their antigens. Additionally, rapid screening technologies and biOSensors are being developed for on-site detection of foodborne pathogens.