Explain briefly the world during Rizal's time?

During José Rizal's time in the late 19th century, the world was marked by significant political and social upheaval, including the rise of nationalism and anti-colonial movements. The Philippines was under Spanish colonial rule, leading to widespread discontent among Filipinos, which Rizal sought to address through his writings advocating for reform and equality. Globally, the Industrial Revolution was reshaping economies and societies, while European powers were engaged in Imperialism, expanding their territories in Asia and Africa. This period also saw the emergence of various ideologies, such as liberalism and socialism, influencing movements for change worldwide.