How are ancient India and Mesopotamia different?

Ancient India and Mesopotamia differed significantly in geography, culture, and social organization. Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, developed city-states with a focus on agriculture and trade, while ancient India, primarily along the Indus River, had a more unified civilization with urban planning, exemplified by the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Culturally, Mesopotamia was characterized by polytheism and a complex system of writing, while ancient India contributed to spiritual philosophy and diverse religious practices, including early Hinduism and Buddhism. Additionally, India's Caste System influenced social hierarchy more rigidly than the more fluid social structures in Mesopotamian societies.