Why goitre can cause eye protrusion?

Goitre can cause eye protrusion, known as exophthalmos, primarily due to Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that leads to hyperthyroidism. In this condition, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland and surrounding tissues, causing inflammation and swelling behind the eyes. This increased pressure in the eye socket can push the eyes forward, resulting in protrusion. Additionally, the enlarged thyroid gland can also contribute to the overall pressure on adjacent structures, exacerbating the eye symptoms.