Why do very few plants exist in the polar regions?

Very few plants exist in the polar regions due to extreme environmental conditions, including frigid temperatures, short growing seasons, and limited sunlight. The permafrost inhibits root growth, and the harsh winds and low nutrient availability further challenge plant survival. Additionally, the lack of moisture and the presence of ice also restricts plant diversity and growth. As a result, only specially adapted species, such as mosses and lichens, can thrive in these harsh climates.