How do you assess pupil's or student's learning?

Assessing a pupil's or student's learning can be done through a variety of methods, including formative assessments like quizzes and class discussions to gauge understanding in real-time. Summative assessments, such as tests and projects, provide a comprehensive evaluation of knowledge at the end of a learning unit. Additionally, observational assessments and self-reflections can offer insights into a student's engagement and critical thinking skills. Combining these approaches gives a well-rounded picture of a student's progress and areas for improvement.