What is the difference between perspective distortion and optical effects, and how does perspective distortion differ from optical effects?

Perspective distortion and optical effects both involve changes in how objects appear in a photograph. Perspective distortion occurs when objects appear differently due to the angle or distance from which the photo is taken. Optical effects, on the other hand, are caused by the characteristics of the camera lens or other equipment. Perspective distortion is related to the position of the photographer, while optical effects are related to the equipment used.