What is a word that describes a noun and it helps to provide extra detail?

Words used to tell more about a noun are articles, adjectives, adverbs, nouns, and pronouns.

The articles are:

DEFINITE ARTICLE: the; used to identify a specific noun.

INDEFINITE ARTICLES: a (used before a noun starting with a consonant sound), an (used before a noun starting with a vowel sound); used to identify a singular general noun.

ADJECTIVES: An adjective describes or qualifies a noun (a big dog, a small dog); adjectives are used before the noun or after the verb (This is an easy subject. or This is hard.); two or more adjectives can be used together (a beautiful, young lady). There are hundreds of adjectives, some samples are: happy, sad, green, white, special, somber, chewy, dark, heavy, sweet, lucky, wonderful, etc.

ATTRIBUTIVE NOUNS are nouns used to describe other nouns (nouns used as adjectives), for example horse farm, house plant, vegetable broth, car wash, school books, shoe lace,cereal bowl, circus clown, street light, etc.

ADVERBS: An adverb, which is used to modify verbs, also modify adjectives, which is additional information about a noun; for example a very happy birthday, his frequently long speeches, a simply delicious dish, etc.

The modifying pronouns are:

PERSONAL PRONOUNS, my, your, his, her, their, its.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, this, that, these, those, the former, etc.

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS, each, either, none, neither, etc.

NUMERAL PRONOUNS, some, any, few, many, none, all, etc.

ADDITIONALLY: A predicate nominative (noun) or a predicate adjective restates a noun following a linking verb or the object of a verb, telling something about the noun.