How do road safety features such as crash cushions and modern guardrails reduce the force of collision?

Road safety features like crash cushions and modern guardrails are designed to absorb and dissipate energy during a collision, thereby reducing the force experienced by occupants. Crash cushions, often made of energy-absorbing materials, deform upon impact, slowing down the vehicle gradually rather than stopping it abruptly. Modern guardrails are engineered with flexible designs that allow them to bend and redirect vehicles, minimizing the severity of crashes. Together, these features enhance safety by mitigating the impact forces and protecting both vehicle occupants and pedestrians.