How go artists create the illusion of space in a landscape?

Artists create the illusion of space in a landscape through techniques such as atmospheric perspective, where distant objects are rendered with lighter colors and less detail to suggest depth. They also use overlapping forms to indicate proximity, with foreground elements appearing larger and more defined while background elements recede. Additionally, the use of linear perspective, where parallel lines converge at a vanishing point, helps to guide the viewer's eye and enhance the three-dimensionality of the scene. Color gradients and varying textures further contribute to the perception of depth and space.