What was the federalist plan for organizing the national governments and it's finances?

The Federalists wanted the government to be centralized, highly organized, and they wanted the power in the hands of the aristocracy, the elite. Not because they were rich snobs, but because, on the whole, they were quite distrustful of the masses. As for the finances, that was best exemplified by Alexander Hamilton's economic plans of the 1790s (he was the first Secretary of Treasury and had the monumental job of sorting out the nation's finances, a job he probably liked) --

1. Assume state debts: put the power in the hands of the federal government. Cut the whole 'we the states' garbage. The assumption of state debts was, at its front, a peaceful little measure, but Hamilton's real objective, aside from the one he projected, was to give the government more power.

2. Create a national bank: well, that kind of speaks for itself. The national bank, however, transferred powers from the yeoman farmer to the merchant banker, exactly the way Hamilton envisioned (you'll notice that the Federalist economic plan stems from him, well, he created it).

3. Diversified economy: enough with the whole 'agriculture' business. If you want the nation to grow, they said, start up factories and cities and have a bunch of different products going in and out. Trade, trade, trade. And if all the trade was in the North, well, so be it, Hamilton didn't care (look, the guy was from New York). And since most of the Federalists were from the North, that was how it was.

4. In general? The Federalists, namely Alexander Hamilton, were for the states to be subordinate to the federal government and organizing the government by centralizing it.