How did southern states restrict African Americans politically socially?

Southern states implemented various measures to restrict African Americans politically and socially after the Civil War. Politically, they enacted laws such as literacy tests, poll taxes, and understanding clauses to disenfranchise Black voters. Socially, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in public spaces, schools, and transportation, enforcing a system of discrimination and inequality. These restrictions were part of a broader effort to maintain white supremacy and control over the African American population.